Child psychology 2 3. Child development at the age of two and a half years

The issue of raising children is one of the most difficult in the life of parents. It is very difficult to predict how this or that comment from mom and dad at an early age will affect the future character of a new member of society. Many people dream of absolutely obedient children who would strictly follow commands. But this is not normal. A child is not a robot or a dog being trained. It is very important to create healthy conditions for the formation of a new personality without serious oppression or liberties.

The first turning point is when the child reaches the age of 2-3 years. This stage is also called the “period of protest”, when the child begins to actively oppose the commands of his parents. What to do if the baby does not listen or even fights? The main thing is to understand the reason for his bad behavior and adequately interact with him regarding his needs.

How does the “period of protest” manifest itself?

At two years of age, the vocabulary of a little boy or girl is replenished with new words. One of the most significant and significant is “no”. Seeing how parents communicate, a 2-year-old child understands that by using this expression in time, he can get what he wants or refuse what is disgusting to him.

Basically, the baby is capricious in the following situations:

when he is forced to do something he does not want,
if he is forbidden to do what pleases him.

It is important to be able to distinguish the first signs of selfishness from the normal activity of your child and not put too much pressure on him. When there is an atmosphere of permissiveness, the child does not always understand where to stop, but if the desires of a 2-year-old child are constantly restrained, he can grow up withdrawn and poorly adapted to social life in the big world. The main responsibility lies with the parents. Their child will develop depending on their behavior.

Additional reasons for children's whims

If a child at two years old actively does not obey his parents, then it is necessary to carefully analyze the entire situation. Basically, additional reasons for bad behavior are:

Too much demands on the baby. Many mothers and fathers want their 2-year-old child to be able to do things that first-graders cannot do. You can often find a situation where a little boy is forced to learn English words as a child. Knowledge of foreign languages is good, but constant pressure has a bad effect on the child’s psyche.
Spoiled. This happens when you make constant concessions to your child. Another option could be strict rules of behavior from parents and permissiveness from grandparents. The child understands that all he has to do is turn to another authority that will not be able to resist his whim, and he will get whatever he wants.
If your baby is sick, you need to look after him more carefully and not force him to do certain things.
For about a year, a small member of society will very actively test his parents for firmness and justice. Of course, the process of raising a child lasts many years, but what will be laid at an early age from 1.5 to 6 years will become the basis for the formation of a new personality.

How to deal with child disobedience?

First, it is worth understanding that conflicts cannot be completely avoided. The maximum that young parents are capable of is to do everything possible to reduce the number of acute moments in communication with a 2-year-old child. This is a very difficult and responsible process. You can’t make rash decisions that can come back to haunt you years later. To prevent such situations it is necessary:

Constantly communicate with the baby. Ignoring is the worst choice for any parent. This refers specifically to a permanent indifferent attitude towards one’s own child.
Show creativity in the process of games and education. The real art is to prevent the whim of a child aged 2-3 years. For example, if a child constantly scatters toys and does not want to collect them after himself, you can hide them after the next such prank. When a girl or boy understands that such behavior leads to a loss of entertainment, he will be more attentive next time.
Treats a reasonable number of episodes of disobedience leniently. This kind of activity is normal and should not be put under pressure on a 2-3 year old child.

In general, if situations often arise when the baby does not obey, he needs to be raised based on an “iron” algorithm of action, which will include the following steps:

If a child is naughty, he should be given a chance to stop his behavior on his own. Parents are obliged to explain the wrongness of his actions.
When he does not stop his actions, he must be punished according to previous warnings. If you do everything correctly, the child will begin to think about his behavior in the future.
Be sure to explain to your child why he was punished.

Only by following this sequence will it be possible to ensure the normal harmonious development of the baby and his awareness of his mistakes.

Some important nuances

It is extremely important to understand that the child himself must come to a correct analysis of his actions. Kids are prone to whims and often do not want to do as their parents demand. The best way out would be a calm conversation with a boy or girl under 3 years of age. It is necessary for the little person to explain the reason for his behavior, and mom or dad, in turn, will explain why this is wrong.

In addition, it is not recommended to use the examples of other children when talking with your own. The phrase “that girl is better because she listens to her mother” can cause irreparable damage to the baby. The child begins to think that others mean more to their parents than themselves.

You also need to take into account the character of your baby. If he is a leader by nature, then dad’s desire to dominate can cause conflict. The authority of parents must be reinforced by constant appropriate actions, and not just by shouting or banging a fist on the table.

However, such recommendations look great on paper. Don't think it's easy. In fact, raising children is one of the most delicate and complex arts, which requires a ton of patience and endurance from parents. But the results and fruits of such attention to your children are worth it.

Newborn babies up to a certain age make parents very happy. “Lapulechka”, “masik”, “knopa” - these and other words themselves ask for the tongue when the little miracle babbles, smiles or does something new. Many parents of first-born children dream of their child growing up as quickly as possible. But mothers and fathers who are already having their first baby are well aware that there is no need to rush time, because infancy is simply nothing compared to the older period.

The difference is that the psychology of a child at 2-3 years old is radically different, or rather, the age comes when it becomes possible to talk about this concept at all. From just a little baby, delighting those around him with his mere existence, the child turns into a person with his own understanding of the world. This process is usually accompanied by many incomprehensible and sometimes frightening features in the behavior and communication of children. It is impossible to tell how a baby will grow up by his behavior at 2-3 years old. His preferences and worldview are very unstable, they change several times a day. Even if a child behaves extremely badly, do not rush to think that you are growing a monster.

Psychologists believe that until the age of 3, children demonstrate their temperament. This is not at all about the idea that it is useless to raise a child during these years. But you must realize that your baby may sometimes disappoint you.

For some parents, the strange and uncontrollable behavior of their child causes helplessness and a feeling of inadequacy. Therefore, it is worth studying the peculiarities of the psychology of children 2-3 years old. This will help you know what to expect, what is normal and what is not, what changes are worth fighting and what you should just get through. Let's look at several areas in the life of a 2-3 year old child in which many things become different from what may have happened before.

Mental development

Between two and three years of age, the leap in transformation of children's brains is simply enormous. The child makes progress in learning every day. Usually at this time the baby is surrounded by many educational activities. He is already able to sculpt, cut, string, lace, and glue. All this involves fine motor skills, affecting memory, logic, and thinking in the most direct way. The baby is interested in discovering new types of exercises for his fingers, and the parents’ task is to provide him with this opportunity. Your child's future talents and abilities will appear in years to come based on the foundation you lay now.

Imagination

The development of a child’s imagination becomes very noticeable. He no longer needs an adult so much to come up with an interesting game. The little one is able to keep himself busy on his own. You can watch him play with toys, for example, building a house from blocks or construction sets.

Sometimes it may even seem like he is talking to himself. This shouldn't be scary. The little one just came up with something and voiced it out loud.

Give your child freedom in games; now you don’t have to regularly rack your brains about what to do with him. You have given your child the right impetus until he is 2 years old, now you need him to learn to have fun himself, because it is good for his imagination.

Memory

At 3 years old, a child should already know animals and their voices, the names of objects that surround him, his age, full name, and names of family members. Continue to open up new horizons for him, read fairy tales and poems, not necessarily very childish, but maybe more serious. Try to remember some new information along with it. An approximate set of knowledge of a 3-year-old child can be found on the Internet.

Speech

From two to three years old, the baby begins to use more and more complex sentences in communication.

Not everyone knows that children 2-3 years old have a remarkable ability to master several languages at the same time.

Even if your family is not bilingual, think that maybe it will be useful for you to learn a new language, and teach your little one at the same time. As you grow older, your ability to learn in this way decreases somewhat, so it is important not to miss the right chance.

Emotions

The most noticeable transformations occur in the emotional state of the child. His mood often changes, and you may encounter both tears and unbridled fun. Hysterics are becoming quite common. It's normal if they happen 2-3 times a week. These expressions of feeling are an important part of growing up. However, regular tantrums should not be left to chance. With their help, the child tests the boundaries of his influence - your task is precisely to show him his limits, to explain what is possible and what is not.

Teaching your child to communicate calmly, without scenes, is possible only with the help of patient and consistent actions. If you allow yourself to succumb to emotions, yell or spank, there is a risk of getting the opposite effect - the wrong behavior will become entrenched, or the child will withdraw into himself.

Independence

Previously, at the age of 1-2 years, the child observed more of the life swirling around him. Now the kid is trying with all his might to take part in everything himself: to help mom make dumplings, and dad to start the car or hammer a nail. It is clear that such help will only cause more trouble for parents, but there is no need to limit the baby too much in his attempts, otherwise he will stop taking the initiative and later it will become difficult to use him. Just be there, make sure that nothing bad happens. Of course, at three years old it’s too early to talk about personal independence, but the foundation for it needs to be laid.

Communication skills

Some of the changes in this area may be upsetting to parents. For example, having reached the age of 2-3 years, a child no longer needs his mother as much as before. If he was breastfed, then the age of 2-3 years just becomes the period of its completion, at which time the thread of the closest connection between mother and baby breaks. Once again, the baby will no longer ask to be held by its mother, but will prefer to run or play. This is all part of the natural process of children growing up. The baby begins to understand that he is an individual person and unconsciously tries to show this to you.

At the same time, the limits of his communication are expanding; he now has much more contact with others - in kindergarten among other children, also on the street or in the family. The baby learns to make acquaintances, build relationships, and makes friends.

It is important for parents to help their child understand how to behave in society.

For example, master simple rules of etiquette - thank, ask, say hello, say goodbye, know the time when you can speak loudly or only in a whisper, be interested in others, share, apologize, etc.

The period of 2-3 years is a difficult time, since not only the child grows up, you grow as parents. Knowing about the peculiarities of the psychology of children in this period of life, you can avoid unnecessary nervousness and help the baby grow up with dignity!

How to get rid of stretch marks after childbirth?

The older a child gets, the less he begins to need self-care. After 2 years, children are much more independent, as they master an increasing number of skills (in particular, self-service), can communicate their needs using speech, become even more active and act more confidently.

But this does not mean at all that the baby requires less attention. Quite the contrary. You need to monitor him even more carefully and make even more efforts to develop the child’s personality and direct his energy in the right direction. That is why the question of how to raise a child of 2-3 years old is acute for most parents and stimulates them to study the characteristics of this age and find the best ways to interact with their baby.

Features of the development of children at 2-3 years old

After 2 years, most children noticeably improve their speech, their vocabulary grows, and they begin to construct simple sentences of 2-3 words.
At this age, children almost completely master self-care skills: they go to the potty on their own, wash their hands, eat carefully with a spoon, drink from a mug, and can get dressed and undressed.
Breastfeeding goes away completely, the child eats adult food and shows his culinary preferences even more clearly.
Most children start going to kindergarten at 2-3 years old. The most favorable period for starting a visit is considered to be when the child reaches the age of 3 years, when the connection with the mother gradually begins to weaken and the desire to communicate with peers appears. Adaptation to kindergarten in this case is less painful.
The child actively explores the boundaries of what is permitted, learns the rules of behavior and tests the parents’ strength. Surely you have noticed that your child has already learned to “cunning”, observes the reaction of adults to his actions, and can behave completely differently with mom, dad, grandmother and other relatives.
The baby continues to manipulate objects even more actively, his actions become more accurate, and coordination of movements improves.
By the age of two, a child knows the actions of people, animals, the purpose of objects, for example, that “a bird flies”, “a car drives”, “they wash their hands with soap”, etc.
Babies at this age are very excitable. But it can sometimes be very difficult to calm them down.
Imitating adults becomes the main way to learn various skills.
The baby’s desire for independence intensifies, because he already knows so many things! More and more often you can hear from him the phrase: “I do it myself!”, when once again you want to help him with something. Therefore, it is important to build the upbringing of a child aged 2-3 years on providing him with the opportunity to choose, encouraging initiative and physical activity.
Many children aged 2-3 years show a penchant for one or another type of activity: drawing, modeling from plasticine, assembling construction sets, role-playing games, etc. Of course, these cannot yet be called stable interests, but certain personality traits of the child can already appear during these activities.
The imagination is actively developing, the baby fantasizes. This is usually noticeable in his speech, acting, and drawings.
The range of expressed emotions expands significantly. A child can demonstrate joy, delight, surprise, affection, embarrassment, pity, disappointment, anger, fear, sympathy, etc.
After 2 years of age, interest in peers appears; the baby wants to communicate, play, and make friends with other children. At the same time, interaction with adults also remains significant for him.

Psychology of boys and girls at 2-3 years old: are there any differences?

At this age, children can distinguish between boys and girls by external signs: by clothing and behavior.

The differences appear at the level of trends. For example, it cannot be said that all girls develop speech faster than boys. But still, more often than not, girls master speech before boys.
Boys develop visual-spatial abilities faster.
In most cases, boys get used to the potty later.
Boys develop gross motor skills faster, girls develop fine motor skills.

Crisis of 2-3 years: why does it occur and how to overcome it?

The emergence of a crisis is associated with several factors:

The child reaches a significant level of development and masters a large number of skills, which allows him to feel largely independent. Therefore, the baby resists any attempts by adults to limit his freedom and activity.
The child’s personality, his character, and awareness of his “I” are being formed. It is important for him to express his preferences, he strives to clearly define the position of “mine”, he is jealous of his things, toys, etc.

Characteristic features in a child’s behavior that indicate a crisis:

Stubbornness: the baby demands something and continues to insist on his own for a long time, following the original decision.
Resistance to requests, instructions, decisions of adults; protest.
The desire for independence.
Frequent whims and hysterics.
Manifestation of despotism.

How to overcome the crisis?

First of all, take it for granted that the child is in crisis and arm yourself with knowledge about child psychology and development during this period.
Ensure the principle: exercise maximum patience. When raising a child after 2 years, you will need even more.
Take your baby’s resistance and refusals as training to express your opinion. It just so happens that the child must first “work out” different techniques and methods of behavior with his parents and only then transfer them to society. If he is not given this opportunity, then in the future he may have problems adapting to society.
Do not try to “break” and harshly suppress the child’s protest and expression of anger. This will only increase the distance between you and undermine his trust in you. Try to “guide gently” and calmly defend your position.
Instead of “you can’t”, say more often how you should act and behave.
Don't yell or use physical punishment. If a child behaves aggressively, let him understand with the help of his facial expressions and intonation that you are unpleasant and he is doing something bad.
Allow him to act independently where possible. Be there, guide, support.

Objectives of raising and educating children:

favorably overcome the age crisis;
maintain a middle ground between prohibitions and excessive freedom of action;
develop creative abilities;
promote speech development;
help actively learn the norms and rules of behavior in society;
develop the emotional sphere, allow you to openly express your feelings;
instill responsiveness to people, friendliness;
encourage initiative and the desire to be independent.

How to raise a child after 2 years

The main example for a child is you. He observes your behavior, copies it, reflects your emotional state, and is sometimes in the same mood as you. Therefore, first you need to educate yourself, and only then - the child.
Praise your child for his skills and correct behavior.
Take all your child’s problems and fears seriously, even if it seems to you that they are “well, completely trivial.” For your baby, everything that worries him is important. Let him speak, listen carefully, be there and support him.
Play actively with your baby, give different characters characteristics. Through play, a child better learns how to behave.
Use fairy tales (including those you make up yourself) to more effectively influence a child: form the right attitudes, norms of behavior, and help cope with fears.
Be interested in your baby’s preferences: “What is your favorite color?”, “What do you like to play?”, “What animals do you like?”
Allow your child to express his feelings, name them to help him learn to understand them. For example: “You’re angry” or “The girl is crying, you feel sorry for her, right?”
While watching cartoons or reading books, comment on the behavior of the characters, discuss with your child which of them did well and which did poorly. Ask the baby how they feel, which one he likes.
Encourage your child to get to know other children: regularly go to playgrounds and visit others. Talk to your child about friendship and helping others. Usually a visit to a special children's center, where the child is at the same time with his mother and interacts with peers, has a good effect on development.
Actively involve your child in joint activities, give simple tasks, encourage his desire to help you.
Be flexible and try to see behind any disobedience and protest the true reasons for such behavior in order to gently correct it.
Always use affection and words to let your child understand that you love him, no matter how he behaves.

No matter how difficult and responsible raising a child of 2-3 years may seem, this process is, at the same time, interesting and conducive to the development of the parents themselves. Love for your baby and the ability to choose the right behavior towards him will create the basis for transformation from a rebel into your assistant and an independent initiative person.

How to properly raise a child is difficult to answer unequivocally, because there is no ideal strategy for raising the future generation. All babies have their own personality from birth. Young princesses and little gentlemen are all different. Some babies are thoughtful and calm, others are funny and curious, others are naughty fidgets, and others are closed and silent. Therefore, the tactics of the educational process cannot be the same. Only the mother knows the character of the baby. Therefore, it is she who must choose the methods that are ideal for her baby. Psychologists can only outline a general strategy and recommend how not to act in order to protect the fragile young psyche from traumatic factors.

How to raise children correctly - psychology

In order for the baby to grow and develop correctly, parents need to organize suitable conditions for this. First of all, for comprehensive harmonious development, a child needs parental love and caring attitude. When a child feels indifference on the part of a significant adult, fertile ground is created for the emergence of a huge number of problems. We are not talking exclusively about behavioral deviations. The occurrence of health problems is also a reality.

Sometimes it happens that significant adults love a child, but the baby does not feel it. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate love to the little ones in any available way, hug them, talk about your own feelings, kiss them. The child should feel the unconditionality of parental love, understand that his parents will love him no matter what and will always help.

Most parents are interested in how to raise a child correctly, because the future existence of their child depends on this.

First of all, you should accept your little one completely, regardless of apparent shortcomings. Many parents make an almost irreparable mistake, trying to fit the baby into their own ideal of a human subject. And when they fail to do this, they feel disappointed. The child always feels parental disapproval, understands that they do not believe in him, that he could not meet parental expectations. As a result, the little ones suffer, which gives rise to many problems.

Your child, whether he is a three-year-old or a teenager, needs to be supported when he needs it. Children should understand that in any difficult situation, they can always rely on their parents. It is parents who instill a sense of security in their children.

It is not recommended to scare children with various popular horror stories. For example, when, for educational purposes, significant adults scare a baby that if he behaves badly, a woman will come and take him away, the child understands what is said literally. He thinks that some terrible person will enter the house, and his parents will allow the old woman to take him away. This results in a feeling of insecurity, and the authority of the parents falls. The baby no longer feels safe.

You should be more interested in the child’s life, talk about various topics with him, especially those that interest the baby himself, spend more leisure time together, doing enjoyable activities for both. Spending time together, filled with bright positive emotions, contributes to the emergence of friendly interaction between adults and children.

You need to respect your own child; you should not brush aside the words of the baby, his opinion. Phrases like: “don’t be smart”, “it’s too young to give out advice” are unacceptable. It is necessary to praise the offspring even for the slightest successes.

In order to teach a child anything, it is necessary to take into account one childhood characteristic - kids brilliantly remember everything that interests them. Therefore, there is no reason to hammer knowledge into a child; it is better to make classes interesting for him, and also that they include playful moments.

Notations should not be overused. After all, they are boring and completely uninteresting to the baby. It is better to demonstrate the desired behavior through your own actions. Children always take the actions of their parents as a model.

How to properly raise a child from birth

It is better to start the educational process from the first decades of the baby’s life. The active development of babies occurs just in the first year of their life. At the stage described, they adapt to the environment and gain their first valuable experience. After all, in just 12 months, the baby needs to learn to coo, smile, respond to parental voices, mood, and distinguish intonations.

Often, parents of infants pay more attention to following the daily routine and diet, proper care, rather than the educational process. It is before the age of one that the basic habits of the offspring are laid down on the subconscious level, inclinations and personality traits are formed. The further maturation of the baby is mainly determined by the educational process in infancy.

Conventionally, the annual stage of educational work is usually divided into 4 stages in accordance with trimesters.

This stage involves the formation of “correct” habits in children and the prevention of the formation of harmful ones. In addition, here parents should properly organize the baby’s nutrition. This is very important for adequate weight gain and the development of addiction to the regime.

In this trimester, the baby should develop habits such as:

– without a pacifier, immerse yourself in the Morphean kingdom on the street;

– spend some time in the crib, having fun on your own;

– hold the head;

– show displeasure when changing a diaper;

- fall asleep without motion sickness.

It is also recommended to pay serious attention to the hygiene of the baby. Toddlers' mornings should begin with mother's friendly smile, hygienic procedures, which include washing the baby's hands and face, washing, and changing a diaper. These daily activities will help the offspring develop the habit of keeping themselves clean.

To develop the habit of holding the baby's head, you need to lay him on his tummy. Gradually, the baby will get used to the described action, and the muscles of the neck and back will become stronger.

In order for the child to start gurgling, you should play with him more often. It’s also good if the baby hears nursery rhymes and children’s songs. Any action directly related to the child needs to be commented on, told, for example, how to put on rompers or change a diaper. When talking with a baby, it is recommended to smile, since this is how the culture of communicative interaction is established.

In the next trimester, visual, sensory and auditory perception of the world develops. The stage under consideration includes preparing the offspring for speech. Here it is recommended to include musical melodies of various genres. At the same time, it is better that they are harmonious and light: classics, children's tunes, modern motifs. In order for a child to walk and begin to babble, his attention must be directed to other sounds. He should be introduced to the surrounding reality, attracting his interest to the chirping of birds, the sound of flowing water, and the rattling of a tractor.

The mental formation of the baby at the stage described should begin with communicative interaction. Parents need to play with their child, shaping his perception. It is recommended to start practicing while awake, when the offspring is not bothered by anything and is cheerful. Such activities should bring pleasure to the baby, so you should not play with the baby when he wants to eat or is capricious. At this stage, the moral and aesthetic foundations of education are laid, which the child receives as a result of communication with relatives.

Love and joyful emotions given to the baby will become the starting point for forging a moral and aesthetic behavioral model. In addition to the above, the routine should also include daily exercise and massage. At this stage, the exercises should be more varied, since their goal is to prepare the baby for crawling.

The stage of the third trimester is marked by the restlessness of the offspring and his curiosity. The activity of children at the described stage increases significantly. Since the child has already learned to crawl and sit down, and some babies are trying to stand up, it is time for physical training.

First of all, the baby must be given freedom of movement around the home. Therefore, the possible route of his travel should be secured as much as possible. In this trimester, babies are increasingly interested in the contents of drawers and cabinets, so it is recommended to remove any items that could harm the baby.

At this stage, you can already make your first attempts to potty train your child. It is necessary to sit the baby on the potty after feeding, walking, sleeping. After some time, the baby will understand the purpose for which he is placed on the potty. At approximately seven months of age, you can begin to teach your baby how to wash his hands. Thus, the concept of cleanliness is formed.

By putting on tiny bibs before feeding and changing soiled clothes immediately after they get dirty, mothers instill neatness in their children. At the same time, adults need to comment on each action and explain it.

Play activities are important for children, regardless of age. Through it they learn about the world. At seven to eight months of age, you can show your baby simple toys and how to manipulate them, for example, showing how a ball rolls or the wheels of a car spin. Also, at the stage described, you can already show individual parts of the head: nose, eyes, ears. It is necessary to work with babies in the third trimester every day. Here you should also familiarize your offspring with the prohibition words: “impossible.” For example, when a baby fights during play activities, it is necessary to say “no”, explaining the reasons (it’s unpleasant for me, it hurts).

In the fourth trimester, raising a child covers absolutely all areas of its activity. Here the baby actively interacts with the adult environment and tries to walk independently. When a baby stands on knives on his own, he should be encouraged. First, you need to help the little one, lead him, holding him by two hands, then by one. After a while, the baby will be able to linger, standing on his feet, for a few seconds.

The mental formation of a baby is based on instilling in him the skill of manipulating objects. A full-fledged educational process includes close communicative interaction with the offspring. You should talk to your little one constantly, but it is not recommended to copy a child’s speech or lisp. This can give rise to the formation of a speech defect.

How to properly raise a 1 year old child

Human personality, according to psychological research, is formed at an early stage of existence. Therefore, it is very important during the educational process that a one-year-old baby acquires the experience necessary for future existence, which will become the foundation of his attitude towards the environment and surroundings.

At the stage under consideration, the game process is the prevailing type of activity. However, due to his age, the baby cannot independently organize his own leisure time. Therefore, it falls on the parents' shoulders. It is necessary to show the child possible manipulations with toys, for example, how a doll walks, a frog jumps, or a car transports. Role-playing games are also important; together with your little one, you can treat a sick bear or cook dinner for a bunny. However, the plots of the games should be primitive so that the child understands them well.

At the same time, during playful leisure time it is necessary to closely monitor the offspring. The game will reflect a child’s idea of existing family relationships, the world, and people. Observation will allow parents to promptly correct negative ideas or destructive attitudes.

The one-year-old understands exclusively visual-figurative appeal. Therefore, in order to convey some information to the baby, you need to model the situation based on fairy tales and taking your favorite heroes as examples.

You also need to constantly explain to the little one how to behave, what is good, what actions are bad. In addition, parents should always remain a positive example, since kids always imitate the adults around them. At this stage of upbringing, parents should regularly clean, put things in their designated places, and demonstrate through their own actions that they comply with the daily routine and hygiene rules.

How to properly raise a 2 year old child

In the period under review, the educational process should differ in relation to boys and young ladies.

Raising a boy should include, first of all, the expression of love in various forms: hugs, kisses, conversations, joint games. It is forbidden to hit or offend the baby, as he may grow up insecure, aggressive, angry or distrustful. The boy must be raised within strict boundaries, without excessive lisp, but also without domineering manners.

You should not limit the boy’s physical capabilities and his activity. It is normal if the baby often walks with broken knees, because the future defender of the family and the Fatherland is growing.

When addressing a baby, it is better to use his name, or call him “son,” and it is better not to use diminutive forms such as “honey” and “bunny.” The child must realize from an early age that he is growing into a man and in the future will become the breadwinner and protector of the family.

The education of young ladies must be aimed at developing creative potential. Girls, in comparison with their “antipodes,” are more balanced, diligent, and calm. Monotonous manipulations are easier for them. They have a developed imagination and a sense of beauty.

It is necessary to encourage daughters’ desire to express their own feelings, to compliment the young princess, to shower her with praise and tenderness. Girls should grow up to be confident, self-sufficient, and be able to recognize false feelings.

Children should be given the opportunity to choose their own play. From childhood, little ladies need to be taught that they can achieve a lot in life. You can show them photographs of successful ladies - doctors, politicians, actresses, explaining to them along the way that when they grow up, they can become just as successful and respected aunts.

How to properly raise a child at 3 years old

A three-year-old child is a rather serious test of strength for parents. After all, the baby has already grown noticeably and started talking. The baby already has an active position in expressing his own aspirations. At a certain point, the baby’s behavioral response and his actions began to change dramatically. The previously obedient toddler turns into an obnoxious “bandit”. This is how the three-year crisis manifests itself.

The most important thing here is patience on the part of significant adults. Any situation of disobedience of the offspring that arises should be assessed extremely soberly. It is necessary to understand the feelings of children and skillfully use children's whims against them. For example, when a toddler refuses to put away toys, but rather scatters them, you should ask the child never to collect them.

In the period described, various requirements and prohibitions were ineffective. It is better to try to switch the child’s attention to activities that are more exciting for him.

It is not recommended to react too violently to hysterical attacks. However, there is no need to indulge all sorts of children's whims either. A three-year-old tests the boundaries of what is permitted. How much can his parents afford? If you give the little one what he wants at the slightest, then he will develop the habit of starting to tantrum at the slightest provocation. You need to try to distract the offspring from the provoking factor to something else interesting.

The educational process at 3 years old should be based on consistency. If the mother forbade the baby to do something, then the father should not allow him to do it. This rule should be especially clearly conveyed to compassionate grandmothers and kind grandfathers.

And most importantly, toddlers should be raised with love. It is necessary to take care of the offspring, train them, and show them the desired behavior by their own positive example.

How to raise a choleric child

A choleric child is tireless by nature. Nature has endowed such a baby with powerful energy potential. From an early age, the baby shows his intolerable temperament, and loved ones say in bewilderment: “What a character!” The task of the adult environment in a particular case is to help the baby grow moderately flexible, restrained and compromising.

The little owner of this temperament endlessly moves, which is characterized by impetuosity and abruptness, as if someone is chasing him. Such a baby cannot stand long waits, and therefore is not able to sit idle in one place for a long time. The child’s conversation is emotional, the words sound abruptly and quickly. He does not speak, but chatters, swallowing words and syllables. Sometimes he gets so carried away by monologues that he is unable to hear anyone.

Often loses control over himself, starting to shout and argue loudly. Raising a 3-4 year old choleric child is not easy. This kid loves adventure and risk. At the same time, the baby’s susceptibility to sudden changes in mood plunges those close to him into bewilderment.

A child can easily change his mind at the last minute. You never know what to expect from him. He can behave unconventionally in any situation. The baby himself often does not understand what is happening to him due to his impulsiveness. A child with a choleric temperament makes decisions instantly, his ideas are spontaneous, but often interesting. The baby is quickly captivated by everything new, but he also easily forgets about it in a short time. During training, he shows abilities if the child is interested at the moment.

The little choleric person falls asleep with difficulty and takes a very long time. Restless sleep, depending on the impressions of the day.

A choleric person has a lot of positive qualities: fearlessness, risk-taking, courage, determination, self-confidence, perseverance. At the same time, there is a tendency to stubbornness, restlessness, cockiness, conflict, impatience, playfulness, which gives parents certain difficulties in raising a choleric child.

Considering that choleric children are emotionally unstable, their parents need to master the ability to control their own emotions. Before speaking to your child out of impulse or frustration, you need to stop, take a few deep breaths or count to ten and just think about whether notations and screams aimed at the baby will help in your situation.

An energetic choleric child must be involved in doing useful things, for example, household chores. The child must see the final goal and result of his work. Teach your child to recite the stages of work out loud, then to himself, and strictly adhere to his plan.

For choleric people it is very important to engage in active sports. This will allow you to give vent to your energy, and training will teach you to calculate your strength. Such a baby simply needs living space, so you should go for walks with him as often as possible.

Designing, needlework, drawing, and manual labor can help develop attention and perseverance. It is important for parents not to bother the baby if he is distracted, and to encourage patience and diligence every time. It is important to teach your child to first think through his decisions, assessing his reserves of strength, and only then take action. Politeness should be taught in any situations, since the spontaneity of a choleric person often hurts people’s pride.

It is especially necessary to pay attention to the ability to establish relationships in a children's team, since parents will not be able to be there all the time. A choleric person's problem is imposing leadership on other children. The second problem of a choleric child is the desire for variety, so regular friends do not stay nearby. In this case, it is necessary to encourage the child to analyze his behavior, sort out conflict situations with him, and discuss films and books. It is necessary to teach the child to control his emotions, taking into account the interests of other people.

Humor will help in the fight against the bad mood of a choleric child. Show your child a way to release accumulated emotions: you can hit a toy, throw or hit a pillow. This will be better than taking out your anger on parents and children in kindergarten. Breathing exercises can also help with self-control. When the child’s emotional stress increases, you can use distracting techniques, for example, interest him in something else and switch to this activity. Sometimes just a hug and reassurance is enough. Adults need to observe the behavioral manifestations of their baby as much as possible and act before he gets angry or bursts into tears. It is strictly forbidden to tease a little choleric person.

Education is a very long and painstaking process. It begins at birth and continues for many years. A more crucial period in the psychology of development and upbringing of a child, when the personality of a full-fledged citizen of society is formed.

They say: “Children are our mirror!” This statement can be considered true. They, like a sponge, absorb the emotional atmosphere of the world around them. His first examples at an early age are his parents, very close people, and peers.

The basic rule of successful parenting is to start with yourself, pay attention to your self-education, which will help you find full contact with your baby.

Newborn boys and girls are endowed with individual characteristics and behavior patterns. Therefore, the early period of growing up is considered a complex, responsible period of personal development.

Raising children features

A small child is not plasticine; you cannot “sculpt” him into whatever you want. By the age of two, the baby begins to show his own qualities. At this time, only the mother will help the baby solve complex problems with the outside world.

Love, understanding, tactfulness - these are the main tools that will help you understand the issues and problems of the educational process. General human development can be divided into several periods of life. The foundations of education are laid before the age of three.

At this time, raising a child and his psychology at 2-3 years old has a number of features determining development:

communication skills;
self-service;
speech development;
physical training.

At 2-3 years old, the baby feels completely independent; he knows how to communicate, dress, talk, run, jump. This is the time of self-affirmation with the help of two words: “I myself!”

He is trying to erase the boundaries of what was previously permitted; subjugates his elders, is constantly capricious, and cries. Hysterics begin. Parents are gradually losing control over their child.

Advice:

It is important to think about applying other measures in time; in adjusting the nature of behavior in relation to others; for your little child.

Frequent prohibitions and strict preventive measures will have a negative impact on the characteristics of the educational process, and sometimes strange behavior. Try it influence the baby through play.

Swap roles with him temporarily, let him feel like he is in your place. This will help him understand what proper relationships with peers and adults are like.

The experience gained during the game will teach you to make the right choice of actions and actions. The baby should feel your support and participation in any situation. But if he is “stubborn”, give him a little freedom in his actions. The experience gained will become a good lesson in later life, it will force you to think first and then act.

You need to constantly remember about self-control. The stubbornness, whims, and tears of a baby have their reasons. Family conflicts have an impact on the psychological development of young children. You should not arrange a “debriefing” in the presence of the baby. For an overly emotional child, the best thing to do is to follow a rest regime and a general daily routine.

The use of a commanding tone when communicating with a child, excessive concessions to his whims, should be avoided in the educational process. The result will be an unstable psyche of the baby and difficulties in further education.

Objectives of raising and educating children

Nature does not create clones, all people are unique in their own way, and raising a child over 2 years old does not always give a positive result. Some kids are distinguished by their achievements by the age of 3. Some of them:

well developed physically;
can draw;
has a good vocabulary;
loves to do self-care;
strives to help others.

Children develop fully and acquire certain skills with the participation of the teacher. If children do not attend preschool educational institutions, then all responsibility; aesthetic education, moral education, instilling self-care skills, physical development; will fall on the shoulders of the parents.

Positive education of independence up to 2 years of age depends on the desire and patience of the mother. Will help in raising a child aged 2-3 years advice from psychology experts.

One of them- sensory development of children 2-3 years old through didactic games, which is quite practical and brings decent results, a technique. Try putting mosaic patterns together regularly.

The baby's little hands will receive the necessary massage, imagination and logical thinking will turn on; you will see gratitude on his face from the lesson.

Gradually you will get good results from the exercises. It is useful for hyperactive playful people to engage in outdoor games. They splash out their energy on sports equipment: wall bars, trampoline, bicycle, ball game.

Psychology of boys and girls before and after 2 years of difference

At 2 years old and 3 years old, the psychology of raising a child has differences in communication techniques. Children begin to understand which one is a girl and which one is a boy. They recognize differences by clothing, sometimes by behavior. Certain relationships are built in groups.

An exceptional feature of raising a boy at the age of 2 is to make him understand that he is a man and a protector of girls.

Girls are always closer to their mothers, so raising girls from the age of 2 does not cause any particular difficulties. They often wear dresses, bows, and decorations. Children of this age give their own preference to toys.

Moral education

Advice from a psychologist will help you raise a healthy person correctly. Try to walk in nature more often. Communication with living beings will be the beginning of moral development; aesthetic perception of the world, a sense of goodness and care for the lesser.

Try to memorize meek quatrains with him, read books, look at bright pictures, and then ask him to retell what he heard or saw. Communication with you will bring the child a lot of joy, interest, and benefits in the early period of growing up.

Difficulties in raising a 2 year old child

For a 2-3 year old child, your opinion will always be important to him. Learn to “hear” and competently evaluate the actions of different periods of his life. The time has come to teach your child responsibility and discipline.

Give him an important task to choose from: care for a flower, feed the cat, put away toys, put books back in their place.

The child’s attitude towards himself will noticeably change. He will consider himself a necessary and responsible person. Harmonious personal development will give society a full-fledged person who will value life, respect elders and meet your hopes for his future.