General urine analysis. Color of urine of a healthy person

The content of the article:

Urinary dysfunction is the most common pathology of the urinary organs, which can manifest itself as a whole range of symptoms. Along with this, there are many reasons that trigger pathological processes. Some of them are the same for both men and women, while others may be unique to one of the sexes. Treatment is prescribed depending on the underlying cause and concomitant diseases only by an experienced doctor. For a more detailed understanding of this topic, we suggest reading this article.

• Read about treating problems in men

Description and manifestations of urinary disorders

A healthy body is able to maintain proper urination. However, when certain diseases and factors occur, the frequency and intensity of urine excretion, as well as its color and composition, may change. In this case, a number of unpleasant symptoms appear that indicate disturbances in the functioning of the urinary system - a disorder in the process of urine excretion.

Urinary dysfunction is a multifaceted concept, because... this pathology has several manifestations. These include:

• Enuresis. Lack of control of urine output, in other words - incontinence. Sometimes the urge is completely absent or appears suddenly. Enuresis is a common urinary disorder in children and the elderly. There are daytime and nighttime.
• Strangury. Urination is characterized by high frequency and difficult and painful elimination, the occurrence of sudden urges that are almost impossible to control. In this case, urine is released in small quantities.
• Pollakiuria. Increased urination. Most often it occurs with inflammation of the lower urinary tract, less often - the upper tract and kidneys.
• Ishuria. Characterized by the inability to empty the bladder independently. Special devices, such as catheters, are used to drain urine. Ishuria can be of several types, for example, acute or chronic. In this case, urinary retention can be complete or partial. A special form is paradoxical ischuria, in which a person is unable to voluntarily urinate, but urine is still involuntarily excreted by drip.
• Dysuria. This is a broader concept. Firstly, it means difficulty in the process of excreting urine due to pathological compression of the urinary tract or blockage, as well as spasms. Secondly, it is often used to refer to painful frequent urination.
• Polyuria. This concept is used to describe a pathology characterized by excessive urine production. Sometimes volumes exceed 3 liters per day. Most often, polyuria occurs due to the consumption of large amounts of liquid. In this case, it is called physiological, it is safe and temporary. However, often excessive production of excrement by the kidneys occurs due to serious disorders in the body. Then diagnostic procedures are required to identify the root cause of polyuria. Treatment should be carried out comprehensively.
• Oliguria. This is the opposite concept of polyuria. Indicates insufficient urine production by the kidneys. It can also be physiological, occurring against the background of insufficient fluid intake or intensive removal of moisture through the sweat glands. Pathological oliguria occurs due to disorders in the body, for example, digestive disorders, fluid retention or bleeding. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause.
• Nocturia. This diagnosis is made when urine excretion occurs to a greater extent at night. Such changes occur with lesions of the autonomic nervous system. Nocturia often occurs with chronic renal failure in the early stages.
• Anuria. This is the complete absence of urine in the bladder. It is a rather rare manifestation. May be caused by mechanical compression or blockage of both ureters, impaired renal function, or other reasons.

Causes of development of urinary disorders

Along with this, some striated muscles play an important role in this process, in particular the muscles of the perineum, abdominals and genitourinary diaphragm. Disturbances in the functioning of the described systems and muscles steadily lead to a disorder of urine excretion.

However, this cannot be considered the only reason. Other organs and organ systems, as well as microorganisms entering the body that trigger the development of infectious diseases, mutations at the gene level, and much more, can also have a detrimental effect.

Various diseases and inflammatory processes of the urinary system steadily lead to disturbances in the process of urine excretion. These include: urethritis, pyelonephritis, genitourinary fistulas, infectious and fungal diseases, urolithiasis, etc.

The following reasons are considered common to all ages and genders:

1. Prolonged or sudden overstrain of the body (physical or nervous);
2. Hypothermia of the feet, lumbar region or the whole body;
3. Alcohol intoxication, even mild degrees, other types of intoxication of the body;
4. Taking medications that may affect the process of urine excretion;
5. Neoplasms both in the urinary system and in other organs and tissues of the body;
6. Appendicitis;
7. Injuries to organs associated with urine excretion;
8. Damage to the brain and/or spinal cord;
9. Diseases of the nervous system;
10. Foreign body in the urinary tract;
11. Uncontrolled sex life, frequent change of partners, frequent sexual intercourse;
12. Congenital anomalies of the urinary system;
13. Multiple sclerosis.

The following conditions and diagnoses contribute to the development of urination disorders in the female body: pregnancy, uterine prolapse or prolapse, premenstrual syndrome, genital endometriosis, reflex ischuria of the postpartum period, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the vulva (dystrophic diseases, herpes, condylomas, vulvitis, synechiae), thrush and etc.

Urinary disorders in women caused by inflammatory processes are characterized by a higher frequency than in men. This is due to the anatomical features of the female body. Men have a longer urethra, which makes it more difficult for pathogens to pass through. The location of the urethra is also important. In women, it is located in close proximity to the anus and vagina, where there is a rich microflora that is not inherent in the urinary system. In this regard, the risk and frequency of infection increases.

Main symptoms of urinary dysfunction

These include:

• Painful sensations when emptying the bladder;
• Change in urine color;
• Weak stream;
• Interruption of urine flow;
• Burning or itching in the perineal area;
• Fever (is an indicator of severe intoxication and an indication for hospitalization);
• Painful sensations in the lower abdomen;
• The presence of whitish discharge from the genital tract.

In the absence of proper treatment or prolonged absence of necessary therapy, complications may develop that will be more difficult to combat.

Possible consequences include:

1. Extreme degree of renal dysfunction, in other words - acute renal failure;
2. Development of inflammation in the kidneys (acute and chronic pyelonephritis);
3. Inflammation of the bladder (acute or chronic cystitis);
4. The appearance of red blood cells in the urine in large quantities - macrohematuria (blood in the urine is determined even visually, without laboratory tests);
5. The occurrence of irritation on the skin;
6. Severe intoxication of the body, sometimes fatal.

Diagnosis of urinary disorders

To study the bladder and functions, the following types of diagnostic methods and procedures are used:

• . This is the first diagnostic procedure that needs to be performed. The results may show the presence or absence of leukocytes and red blood cells, strains of certain pathogenic bacteria, and protein.
• Patient examination. Palpation of the area in the lower abdomen allows you to determine the fullness of the bladder and make a conclusion about the diagnosis - ischuria (delay) or anuria (lack of urine). Women are often referred to a gynecologist for consultation.
• Sowing on flora. Gives an idea of ​​the bacterial composition of urine.
• Smear for genital infections. Necessary to identify imbalances in microflora. Allows you to accurately determine the strain of bacteria.
• Ultrasonography. The object of ultrasound is the entire urinary system - kidneys, urinary tract, bladder, etc. As a result, it is possible to obtain data on the presence of foreign bodies, stones, tumors, determine the volume and nature of the contents of the bladder, as well as the structure and size of the kidneys. Men are often prescribed an ultrasound of the prostate gland to assess its condition and the degree of involvement in urinary disorders.
• Blood analysis. A general analysis shows the presence of an inflammatory process, composition and some other blood parameters. Biochemical analysis helps to identify signs of renal dysfunction, based on elevated levels of uric acid, urea, and creatinine.
• Other methods. In addition to the procedures and methods described, urography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, cytoscopy, and consultation with other specialists (neurologist, nephrologist, therapist, gynecologist, urologist) are also prescribed.

Features of the treatment of urinary disorders

After determining the causes of incontinence, urinary retention or other disorders of the urinary system, it is necessary to urgently begin treatment. Medicines and treatment procedures are prescribed depending on the main diagnosis, taking into account the symptoms of urinary excretion disorder. Treatment for urinary disorders may include strengthening muscles, fighting infections, normalizing the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, hormonal therapy, electrical stimulation, the use of assistive devices, and much more. Let's look at the most common treatment options for urinary disorder.

Physical exercises for urinary outflow disorders

1. Increased blood flow;
2. Normalization of metabolism;
3. Improved urine output;
4. Activation of important processes in the body;
5. Strengthening the abdominal muscles;
6. Strengthening the muscles that support posture to maintain the physiological position of the kidneys;
7. Strengthening the muscles of the thighs and buttocks;
8. Normalization of the respiratory system.

The outflow of urine is facilitated by a 20-minute stay in the therapeutic knee-elbow position. In order to take this position, you need to kneel down, then stretch your body forward and add two more points of support - your elbows. For comfort, you can use softening mats or pillows.

Treatment of urinary disorders due to infection with drugs

Here is a short list of medications used in the treatment of infectious diseases of the urinary system:

• Trimethoprim. Bacteriostatic and antibacterial agent. Actively affects both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. Can be combined with Sulfamethoxazole to achieve a bactericidal effect.
• Amoxicillin. It has a wide spectrum of action as an antibacterial agent. Produces a bacteriostatic effect. It has a wide list of side effects and interacts with other medications in different ways.
• Ciprofloxacin. Has bactericidal and antibacterial effects. Has a wide spectrum of action. The main effect is associated with inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase. It has virtually no effect on the cells of the body, i.e. has low toxicity to humans.
• Fluconazole. It is an antifungal drug. Active in the treatment of thrush, one of the symptoms of which is problems with urination. Concomitant use with Astemizole and Terfenadine is not recommended.
• Nitrofurantoin (Furadonin). Produces an antibacterial effect. Some drugs reduce the antibacterial activity of the drug. Used to treat infections of the genitourinary system.
• Acyclovir. Has antiviral properties. Used in the treatment of herpetic viral infections. Valuable in the treatment of urinary disorders caused by herpes to eliminate the root cause.
• Cycloferon (Acridoneacetic acid). Models immunity, fights viruses. Capable of triggering the synthesis of the patient’s own interferon. Helps reduce inflammation. Active against the herpes virus.

If there are no symptoms due to the presence of bacteria in the urinary system, then medications, for example, Amoxicillin, are prescribed only during pregnancy.

During treatment, the patient must adhere to simple rules that will stimulate recovery. These include compliance with bed and drinking regime. Staying in bed can be combined with applying a warm heating pad. This will improve blood supply, the effectiveness of medications and speed up the treatment process.

Drinking an increased amount of liquid, namely pure still water with minerals, stimulates the accelerated leaching of pathogenic microorganisms, preventing bacteria from lingering on the walls of the mucous membrane. It is forbidden to drink tea, coffee, carbonated drinks, and alcohol to prevent bladder irritation.

Surgical treatment of urinary disorders

Operational procedures have the following objectives:

1. Creation of a synthetic or organic urethral sphincter;
2. Enlargement of the sphincter through the introduction of collagen, Teflon, adipose tissue or others;
3. Bladder fixation;
4. Correction of congenital defects, correction of abnormally developed elements of the urinary system;
5. Removal of foreign bodies or neoplasms that have caused problems with excretion of excrement by the kidneys;
6. Sewing an implant into the area of ​​the bladder walls, the purpose of which is to stimulate normal muscle contraction in the area of ​​the urethra.

Treatment of urinary disorders with folk remedies

Here are a few traditional medicine recipes:

• . To combat pathogenic microflora, various products containing this ingredient are used. This can be either an alcohol tincture or homemade jam. To prepare an alcoholic infusion, tea rose fruits are poured with medical alcohol and left to infuse for several days. A signal that the product is ready is when the solution turns yellowish. Reception is carried out twice a day. The volume of one dose is 10 drops.
• Walnut. The cooking process is quite simple. Both leaves and tree bark are used. The available ingredients are crushed into a powder, which is taken up to 3 times a day, only 10 g. The powder is not diluted, but washed down with warm water.
• Birch. The leaves of the tree, previously dried, are carefully crushed and poured with dry white wine. The resulting mixture is boiled for 25 minutes, cooled and filtered. Then add 30 ml of honey and take 50-70 ml up to 3 times a day after meals.
• Rose hip. This is a very effective remedy. The crushed fruits are placed halfway in a glass container and filled with vodka. Maintain without access to light for a week. During the infusion process, you need to shake the contents. After the end of the week period, the fruits can be removed from the container. The result is a light brown liquid, which is used up to 3 times a day, 10 drops, shortly before meals.

Preventive measures for urinary disorders

There is no special vaccine that protects a person from problems with urination, because such a dysfunction of the body has a large list of possible causes, described earlier. In this regard, a general strengthening of the body and an increase in immunity are required, which will greatly help protect against the occurrence of many dangerous diseases.

Here is an approximate list of preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of urinary disorders:

1. Systematic visits to medical specialists to monitor health;
2. Timely treatment of emerging sexually transmitted infections;
3. Safe sexual relations;
4. A healthy diet that ensures stable normal body weight;
5. A normal level of physical activity to keep muscles toned, as well as special training for the pelvic floor muscles;
6. Rejection of bad habits;
7. Correct mode of work and rest, wakefulness and sleep;
8. To replenish vitamin reserves, nephrologists advise drinking cranberry juice, which can prevent the development of bacteria inside the urinary tract;
9. Proper hygiene;
10. Regular urination to prevent urinary stagnation and the development of infections.

Urinalysis plays an important role during the examination of a person, but not everyone understands what can be determined from the results of the study. Urine contains many metabolic products. Based on the presence of salts, enzymes, and proteins, the doctor draws up a picture of the condition of the internal organs, especially the kidneys.

What parameters are taken into account during the study?

Clinical examination helps determine the microbiological, chemical and physical composition. During the study, the color, transparency, smell, density and other parameters of urine are taken into account.

You can easily determine the presence of diseases by color:

1. Hepatitis.
2. Cirrhosis.
3. Blockage of the bile ducts.

In a person in normal health, the color ranges from amber to yellow. Changes in hue can occur due to medications or foods, so aspirin causes a pinkish tint. In a sick person, the liquid may acquire a greenish color, which cannot be overlooked when first examining the material.

In a person without health problems, the liquid is clear; turbidity appears when the amount of protein, mucus, bacteria and components increases.

In a sick person, not only the color, but also the smell of the liquid changes. It begins to smell sharply of ammonia or rot, this usually happens during infectious infections.

By the pH reaction, you can determine if a person has an infection in the bladder and urethra. When examining the fluid of a healthy person, the reaction is always slightly acidic; an increase in acidity indicates a disease.

The specific gravity must be checked; in normal conditions it should be 1.008-1.024, and in case of kidney disease it decreases to 1.000. The analysis should not show the presence of a protein that appears in diseases of the ureters and kidneys.

Disturbances in the production of thyroid hormones, diabetes mellitus, nephritis and other diseases manifest themselves in the presence of glucose, which, like protein, should not be present in urine. If diabetes mellitus develops in an advanced stage, acetone bodies appear in addition to glucose. Bodies begin to be produced when glucose metabolism in the body is disrupted, but in the later stages.

There are substances that are always present in a certain amount in a liquid, but an increase in their quantity indicates the emergence of a new problem. For example, minimal amounts of bilirubin are always excreted. If it becomes more than normal, it means that the person has problems with the liver.

Like bilirubin, red blood cells are also found during the study, but for men the norm is only 0-1; an increase in the indicator already indicates the presence of blood. The cause can be quite serious problems: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. Blood may appear when the stone moves through the urethra; with this result, additional examination is prescribed to identify the true cause.

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The last component, which is in the amount of 0-3 pcs. found in the fluid in men - leukocytes. Any inflammatory disease is accompanied by an increase in this parameter.

Biochemical analysis

In medicine, this type of research is also called sampling for microelements. Based on the information received, you can find out whether a person has:

• inflammatory processes or rheumatic;
• liver problems;
• disruptions in water-salt metabolism.

An imbalance between microelements leads to the appearance of pathologies. If identified in the early stages, they can be eliminated during the course of treatment.

Based on the data received, the doctor will find out how much lipids, carbohydrates, inorganic substances, and enzymes a person has.

1. Older men.
2. Young people during puberty.
3. To everyone who works in industrial enterprises.
4. Athletes.
5. Men who are constantly under stress.
6. Patients with chronic diseases.

What is a fence according to Nechiporenko

Everyone has undergone such a urine sample at least once in their life, but few people understand why it is needed and what it gives the doctor in the end.

As a rule, such an analysis is prescribed for suspected inflammatory processes of the urinary tract, which can occur in acute or chronic form. It is in the process of this research that the exact amount can be determined:

• leukocytes;
• cylinders;
• red blood cells

Erythrocytes are red blood cells that help transport oxygen. There should not be more than three of them; if the value is exceeded, we can speak with complete confidence about the pathology of the genitourinary system.

Leukocytes are responsible for immune control; if there are more of them than normal, it means that the person is suffering from an inflammatory disease.

In cases where the patient has severe pathology, cylinders appear that form in the renal tubules. The cylinders do not have a constant composition, sometimes it is protein, in other cases it is desquamated cells. An increase in their number already indicates that the person has a viral infection or a hypertension problem, which must be resolved quickly before complications arise.

Fence along Zimnitsky

This sampling is aimed at qualitatively assessing kidney function. The analysis is aimed at finding out how much water the body produces per day, what its density is, how the volume of liquid is distributed during the day, but this is not all that can be learned from a urine test.

By the volume of daily fluid produced, one can determine whether a person has diabetes or kidney failure. If the volume is reduced, the doctor is inclined to believe that the person has impaired normal functioning of the kidneys or has heart failure.

How color changes depending on the disease

When there are no pathologies, the color is straw-yellow or more intense in color. Doctors allow the possibility of a change in shade if it is not some kind of disease. When a person has a pathology, the color becomes:

1. The color is like strong tea if there are problems with the liver or gall bladder.
2. A red tint indicates glomerulonephritis.
3. In general, colorless or pale yellow urine indicates kidney disease.
4. When the urinary tract becomes inflamed, transparency disappears.

Density, glucose and protein presence, what they talk about

By density, the doctor determines how much the kidneys are able to concentrate or dilute urine. Within one day, fluctuations in the indicator can be quite serious and this is not always associated with a disease; in some cases, a change in the normal parameter can be caused by the intake or lack of water and food.

Urine is considered an indicator of human health, therefore, at the slightest change in its external characteristics, one can suspect any disorders or inflammatory processes in the body. One such sign is colorless urine.

Colorless urine - what does it mean?

Urine acquires a certain color due to the pigments contained in it, and the urine of adults is darker in color than that of children. Normally, in healthy people, urine has a light yellow tint. If the urine becomes discolored and becomes similar to water, then this may be a consequence of both completely harmless and pathological factors.

The color of urine is of great importance. Using this indicator, specialists judge the general condition of urine, detect various renal pathologies, and determine the presence of certain elements. But for newborn babies, colorless urine is considered normal.

Causes

The main reason for colorless urine is the consumption of large amounts of liquid or foods containing it in sufficiently large quantities. The body simply functions in increased mode to remove large volumes of water. Urine simply does not have time to become saturated with pigment substances, i.e., urobilin, which leads to its lightening, even discoloration. When the drinking regime returns to normal, the color of urine becomes normal, i.e. light yellow.

If urine remains as water for quite a long time, then against the background of a similar factor, active leaching of useful microelements and salts from the body can occur. If you have reduced your fluid intake and your urine continues to become discolored, you need to undergo a urological examination to identify the cause of this disorder.

Products

Foods that contain large amounts of liquid can cause urine to become discolored. This may include:

• Watermelons;
• Cucumbers;
• Coffee;
• Tea, etc.

In such a case, to eliminate the problem, it is enough to exclude these foods from the diet, then the frequency of urination will decrease, and the urine will become a standard yellowish color. That is, for treatment, a small correction of the diet is enough for everything to return to normal.

Diseases

If diet and drinking regimen can be considered completely harmless factors as to why colorless urine occurs, then diseases that cause such deviations cannot in any way be attributed to safe causes.

Most often, urine becomes water-like in pathological conditions such as:

• Advanced renal pathologies;
• Diabetes mellitus;
• Hepatitis and other liver pathologies;
• Pathological processes in the urinary tract.

To identify the pathological factor causing urine discoloration, it is necessary to undergo a comprehensive examination and the necessary laboratory diagnostics.

In children

In the first few days after birth, while the final formation of the genitourinary system occurs, the urine of a baby is also colorless, which is considered normal. But in older children, certain reasons precede the discoloration of urine. Medicines, so-called, can change the color of a child’s urine. aquatic products such as watermelons or cucumbers, excessive water consumption, as well as pathological conditions.

With the growth and age-related changes of the child’s body, in the absence of pathological causes of discoloration, urine soon acquires normal shades. Among the pathological causes that colorless urine indicates are diabetes and kidney diseases. In this case, urine will look like ordinary water.

Among women

In women, the reason why urine has become almost colorless may be not only kidney failure, but also a lack of pigment substance. Pregnancy can also be the cause of such a deviation. Color changes in urine in pregnant women occur due to hormonal changes.

Also, toxicosis is often the cause of colorless urine during pregnancy, since a woman begins to consume large volumes of liquid due to dehydration. But when the condition returns to normal, the color of the urine takes on a traditional shade.

Considering that women more often than men suffer from diabetes, during which there is a tendency to excessively increased fluid consumption, this pathology is one of the common causes of urine discoloration in women.

In men

The male population has its own reasons for urine discoloration:

• Diabetes, forcing patients to drink more fluids;
• Entry of sperm into the urethra. With this factor, urine normalizes independently after a few hours.

If after several days the color of an adult’s urine does not return to normal and it remains like water, then other causes should be looked for. To do this, it is better to contact a doctor who practices urology.

In older people

In older people, urine normally has a slightly yellowish tint, and even with heavy drinking. The most dangerous cause of clear urine is kidney failure, which requires mandatory, qualified therapy.

Dangerous combinations

So, colorless urine does not always indicate the presence of pathology. But if the urine continues to become discolored for quite a long time and does not depend on the drinking regime, then it is necessary to contact a specialist, since diabetes may be the cause of such lightening, and the urine acquires a sweetish odor.

You should also be wary if the urine excreted in the morning becomes discolored. This sign means that the kidneys have lost their ability to concentrate. That is, in fact, the patient may develop kidney failure. If there is frequent discoloration of the morning urine, which has a sweetish odor, then there is a high probability of diabetes or organ failure.

Reason to see a doctor

As already mentioned, the reason for obtaining a urological consultation is prolonged discoloration of urine. Before rushing to the hospital, it is necessary to realistically evaluate the physiological aspects that explain the appearance of discolored urine.

Our urine is a kind of health indicator that can repel the attack of external and internal changes. It is also necessary to undergo regular medical examinations. Most patients at first do not pay attention to the darkening urine syndrome, and go to the hospital in the most advanced condition. This is not serious, because it is easiest to remove the problem from the inside and at the very beginning of the pathology.

Polyuria is a disorder in which there is an increase in the daily volume of urine excreted. Such a deviation in the functioning of the genitourinary system is typical for both adults and children. Treatment tactics are often conservative.

Polyuria is a rather specific disease in which the volume of urine excreted per day increases approximately two or three times. In this case, one should distinguish this ailment from ordinary frequent urination caused by a large amount of liquid drunk.

In the vast majority of cases, the underlying factors are kidney pathologies, but clinicians identify a large number of other sources, which also contribute to the course of a particular disease. In adults and children, the causes of the disease will be the same.

The symptoms of such a syndrome are difficult to ignore, since it is expressed in a private urge to urinate. Some patients report pain and other discomfort in the groin area.

Diagnosis is based on laboratory tests, but instrumental examinations may be needed to identify some etiological factors.

Since such a disease can be one of the manifestations of another pathology, treatment is often aimed at eliminating the source, against the background of which daily urine volumes return to normal.

In some cases, excessive urine output may be a completely normal condition caused by drinking large amounts of fluid or taking medications specifically aimed at increasing urine production.

However, the progression of a completely different pathology is often a predisposing factor in the appearance of such a disease. Thus, among the provocateurs of the disease it is worth highlighting:

• chronic renal failure;
• the occurrence of pyelonephritis;
• a history of sarcoidosis;
• formation of oncological tumors in the pelvic area;
• heart failure;
• a wide range of nervous system disorders;
• diabetes;
• inflammation or other damage to the prostate;
• formation of kidney stones;
• inflammatory process localized in the bladder;
• diverticulitis and myeloma;
• cystic neoplasm of the kidney, which can be single or multiple;
• Barter syndrome;
• hydronephrosis;
• secondary form of amyloid nephrosis.

In women, the reasons may be pregnancy - on the one hand, such a sign is one of the manifestations of the fact that a female representative is preparing to become a mother, and on the other hand, polyuria may indicate an asymptomatic course of pyelonephritis. In any case, consultation with a clinician is necessary.

However, not only the course of internal processes in the body can cause an increased urge to urinate. An increase in the daily volume of such human biological fluid can also be caused by:

1. taking diuretics prescribed by the attending physician to eliminate completely different kidney pathologies.
2. ingestion of large quantities of drinks, in particular carbonated ones.

The above factors most often lead to the development of polyuria at night, which in the medical field is a separate disease called nocturia. It is extremely rare, in approximately 5% of cases, that the causes of excessive urine production are genetic predisposition.

Classification

Currently, several forms of this pathology are known. Depending on the nature of the course, polyuria is divided into:

• temporary - considered as such if it was provoked by the presence of one or another infectious process in the human body or by the period of gestation;
• permanent - this means that the disease was formed by a pathological disorder of the functioning of the kidneys.

According to etiological factors, polyuria syndrome is:

1. pathological - in such cases, the illness is a complication of one or another illness. This type includes nocturnal polyuria and frequent urge to urinate in diabetes mellitus.
2. physiological – associated with the use of diuretics prescribed by the attending physician or at one’s own request, which is strictly prohibited.

Symptoms

The only clinical manifestation of polyuria in women and men is an increase in the amount of urine secreted by the body throughout the day.

Normally, daily urine volumes can vary from one to one and a half liters. However, in the presence of such a disease, they can increase threefold. When the disease is severe, the human body produces up to ten liters of urine in one day.

• frequent urge to visit the toilet - a distinctive feature is that they will never be false or scanty, as happens, for example, with cystitis;
• decrease in urine density - only a clinician can determine this during diagnostic measures. This condition is caused by the fact that the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate to a small extent, and this occurs against the background of retention of toxins. The only exception is patients diagnosed with diabetes - only their urine density will be excessively high. This is explained by the content of a large amount of glucose, which prevents urine from losing its density;

Polyuria does not have other characteristic signs. However, it is worth noting that there are secondary symptoms of polyuria that the patient may experience, such as pain and burning when urinating. In fact, they are symptoms of those diseases or infections that caused excessive urine production.

Depending on what pathological process became the source of the increase in daily urine volumes, additional symptoms will be present.

Diagnostics

Despite the fact that this pathology does not have many symptoms, establishing the correct diagnosis is a problem. Before carrying out specific diagnostic measures, the clinician needs to conduct a primary diagnosis, which will include:

1. studying the medical history and collecting a life history of both the patient and his immediate relatives - this will help to identify the most characteristic etiological factor. However, to find out what actually caused the pathology, special tests are needed.
2. a thorough physical examination, which will help identify symptoms associated with diseases that cause polyuria.
3. a detailed survey of the patient is necessary to determine the first time of appearance and intensity of expression of both the main and possible additional symptoms.

The following laboratory tests have the greatest diagnostic value:

• Zimnitsky test - the need for such a procedure is to differentiate polyuria from frequent urination, accompanied by small portions of excreted fluid. To do this, all urine excreted per day is collected from the patient. After this, experts calculate not only its volume, but also its quantity and specific gravity. Such parameters are taken into account for each portion of urine;
• fluid deprivation test - to carry it out, the patient is forcibly deprived of fluid, causing the body to become dehydrated. It can last from four to eighteen hours. After the required period has passed, the patient is injected with a solution that contains an antidiuretic hormone. After this, several urine tests are taken again. Then clinicians compare the indicators both before and after administration of the drug, taking into account the water balance of the blood plasma.

A comparison of all tests will make it possible to determine the true cause of polyuria, depending on which the patient may be referred for consultation to other specialists and additional instrumental and laboratory diagnostic examinations may be prescribed.

Only after this an individual scheme is selected on how a particular patient can get rid of polyuria.

Treatment

Therapy for such a disease is primarily aimed at eliminating the disease that provoked its appearance. After diagnosis, the doctor may identify a deficiency of certain substances in the body, including:

1. potassium and calcium.
2. sodium and chlorides.

To restore their normal level, it is necessary to draw up an individual diet and volumes of fluid consumed.

In severe cases of the disease and severe dehydration, they resort to the introduction of special substances into a vein.

Additional methods for treating polyuria are:

• physiotherapeutic procedures;
• performing exercise therapy designed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvis and bladder, in particular, they often resort to Kegel exercises;
• use of alternative medicine recipes;

Treatment with folk remedies is carried out using:

1. anise
2. plantain.
3. oats or millet.
4. immortelle.
5. nettles
6. motherwort.
7. St. John's wort.
8. dill.
9. burdock.

It is worth noting that this type of therapy must be previously agreed upon with the attending physician.

Prevention and prognosis

Preventive measures to prevent the development of such a disease are aimed at observing the following general recommendations:

• eat properly and balanced;
• to refuse from bad habits;
• take diuretics only as prescribed by a doctor;
• maintain a plentiful drinking regime - normally you need to drink at least two liters per day;
• promptly identify and eliminate pathologies that provoke the occurrence of polyuria;
• regularly, several times a year, undergo a full preventive examination at a medical institution;

The outcome of polyuria will directly depend on the etiological factor. However, in the vast majority of cases, complete recovery is observed - this can be achieved by timely seeking qualified help.